Role of Universities in Research and Innovation Essay

Job of Universities in Research and Innovation - Essay Example Data on examination and development is essential for policymakers with the goal that they might have the option to perceive how they can assist the colleges with promoting their advancement and exploration in the market. Government support isn't sufficient in many organizations. As a rule, colleges team up with ventures in directing examination. Colleges have individuals, units, and capacity, which are associated with organization activities that affect innovative and financial turn of events. They do this by permitting and side projects. Colleges contrast in the manner they sort out their projects or exercises to cultivate advancement. Examination organizations, significantly in the United States, are increasingly worried about their social orders in the ongoing past. This is on the grounds that they speak to the internal assets of information in those social orders (Amidon, Formica and Mercier-Laurent 2005, p.56). Competency of people, information and abilities and their applicatio n has improved fundamentally in the economy where these people work. Most nations center around the turn of events, application, protection, and disclosure of all types of information and abilities. These are the humanistic, logical, and social information. They in this manner help openly and secretly subsidized colleges. The organizations at that point value these commitments by fittingly adding to the improvement in economy. They upgrade information connecting exercises, which improve innovation commercialization, improve workers’ competency, and help network and hierarchical change and increment competency of experts. He additionally give social, monetary, and social hierarchical investigations to prepare and teach people and to bring people and... This paper focuses on that colleges are straightforwardly associated with state and territorial development forms from numerous points of view. Improvement methodology accentuate on improving exploration organization in low and center salary point of view and setting them at the inward piece of advancement strategies. Commercialization and innovation move activities gives the methods where fundamental exploration and its commercial center meet each other. This is the place thoughts are changed over into items, which at that point drive the new market and business arrangement. There are a few difficulties confronting colleges that should be handled for the organization to stay serious in information economy. One is to decrease understudy workforce proportion, this needs an arrangement on working assets for new enlistment extension. This needs development of resources and recruiting new staff. Numerous colleges put monetarily and politically in the advancement components of their organ izations. This report makes an end that the qualities, economy, abilities of a network , fitness and direction of laborers should all change and growing persistently over a huge scope of information, changing innovation and worldwide conditions. Exploration in development and innovation portability is on a rising field, and its alluring conditions for learning research pull in future scholastic premiums. Endeavors to improve durable limit building are under speeding up in practically all developing colleges. Taking everything into account, exploration and advancement are key parts of information improvement.

Frozen Shoulder and Ageing free essay sample

Maturing is a complex natural procedure. It has been characterized as a â€Å"biological procedure of becoming more established from a pernicious perspective, what a few creators call senescence.† It comprises of â€Å"changes that render individuals dynamically bound to die.† (Magalhã ¡es). Maturing has numerous impacts everywhere throughout the world, the first concerns socioeconomics. More established individuals frames an enormous majority of total populace, and the majority of them live in less created nations. 66% of the number of inhabitants in more established individuals lives in the creating scene. (World Health Organization). As indicated by insights from the World Health Organization, 600 million individuals are matured 60 and over in the year 2000 alone, and it is anticipated that such number would explode to around 2 billion continuously 2050. (World Health Organization). The most serious issue assailing the more established populace is the logical and natural actuality that they are progressively inclined to contracting maladies and they recoup less effectively, because of their debilitating real opposition. We will compose a custom paper test on Solidified Shoulder and Aging or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This prompts their reliance on others around them. Studies show that more seasoned individuals carry on with an increasingly stationary way of life because of the improvement of many work sparing innovation. In this way, in Australia, it is assessed that â€Å"one-third of every Australian grown-up in danger of significant medical issues because of physical inactivity.† On the other hand there is no question that expanded physical action gives numerous medical advantages, the first is the expanded capability of more established individuals to recoup from any disease or injury. (Australian Government Department of Health and Aging). In this association, it is important that dynamic maturing has been picking up fame, as the â€Å"process of upgrading open doors for wellbeing, cooperation and security so as to hold onto personal satisfaction as individuals age.† Active maturing involves numerous aspects of wellbeing structured towards expanding the personal satisfaction of more established individuals and making them increasingly free. (Dynamic Aging). One of the numerous wounds that can inconvenience more seasoned individuals is solidified shoulder or cement capsulitis. It is characterized as a â€Å"shoulder joint with critical loss of its scope of movement in all directions.† Such constraint or misfortune in the scope of movement can be watched both when the patient endeavors movement and when a specialist attempts to move the joint completely while treating the patient. (Shiel Jr.). Solidified shoulder is brought about by â€Å"inflammation, scarring, thickening and shrinkage of the case that encompasses the ordinary shoulder joint.† This implies solidified shoulder could emerge from any injury to the shoulder, for example, tendonitis. While the most widely recognized casualties of this condition are those with diabetes or constant fiery joint pain of the shoulder, more seasoned individuals might be inclined to the malady as a result of their inclination to be truly idle. (Shiel Jr.). References Dynamic Aging. Recovered January 11, 2007, from  http://www.euro.who.int/eprise/primary/WHO/Progs/HEA/Home/ American Academy of Family Physicians. (1999). Recovered January 10, 2007, from  â â â â â â â â â â http://www.aafp.org/afp/990401ap/990401c.html American Geriatrics Society. Physical Activity. Maturing aware of everything. Recovered January 11, 2007,  â â â â â â â from  â â â â â â â â â â http://www.healthinaging.org/agingintheknow/chapters_ch_trial.asp?ch=11#reducing Australian Government Department of Health and Aging. Physical Activity and Health:  â â â â â â â Evidence and Research. Recovered January 11, 2007, fromâ  â â â â â â â â â â http://www.health.gov.au/web/wcms/publishing.nsf/Content/wellbeing pubhlth-strateg- dynamic evidence.htm Changes in Musculature. Recovered January 11, 2007, from  â â â â â â â â â â http://www.aginginplace.org/characteristics/physiology/muscle.html Magalhã ¡es, J.P. What is Aging? Recovered January 10, 2007, from  â â â â â â â â â â http://www.senescence.info/definitions.html Shiel Jr., W.C. Solidified Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis). Solidified Shoulder Center.â Retrieved  â â â â â January 10, 2007, from http://www.medicinenet.com/frozen_shoulder/article.htm Skelton, D. (2006). Remaining Active Helping Older People Maintain their Mobility. Update on  â Aging. Recovered January 10, 2007, from  â â â â â â â http://www.laterlifetraining.co.uk/archives/Stayingactive.pdf Speer, K.P. (2005). Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation for Active Older Adults. World Health Organization. The world is quick maturing have we taken note? Recovered January 11,  â â â â â â â â â â 2007, from http://www.who.int/maturing/en/

The Townshend Act and Protest of the Colonists :: American America History

The Townshend Act and Protest of the Colonists The Townshend Acts’ annulment of the Stamp Act left Britain's money related issues uncertain. Parliament had not surrendered the option to burden the provinces and in 1767, at the encouraging of chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend, it passed the Townshend Acts, which forced expenses on lead, glass, tea, paint, and paper that Americans imported from Britain. In an exertion to fortify its own position and the intensity of illustrious pioneer authorities, Parliament, at Townshend's solicitation, additionally made the American Leading group of Customs Commissioners whose individuals would carefully authorize the Route Acts. Income raised by the new duties would be utilized to free regal authorities from money related reliance on frontier gatherings, in this manner further infringing on pioneer self-sufficiency. By and by the pilgrims fought enthusiastically. In December 1767, John Dickinson, a Philadelphia attorney, distributed 12 well known expositions that repeated the pilgrims' disavowal of Parliament's privilege to burden them and cautioned of an intrigue by a degenerate British service to subjugate Americans. The Sons of Liberty sorted out fights against customs authorities, shippers went into nonimportation understandings, and the Little girls of Liberty upheld the nonconsumption of items, for example, tea, burdened by the Townshend Acts. The Massachusetts lawmaking body sent the other settlements a roundabout letter censuring the Townshend Acts and requiring a joined American opposition. English authorities at that point requested the disintegration of the Massachusetts General Court in the event that it neglected to pull back its roundabout letter; the court cannot, by a vote of 92 to 17, and was excused. The other frontier gatherings, at first hesitant to fight the demonstrations, presently insubordinately marked the round letter, shocked at British obstruction with a provincial legislature.In different ways, British activities again joined together American dissent. The Board of Customs Commissioners blackmailed cash from provincial dealers and usedflimsy reasons to legitimize holding onto American vessels. These activities elevated strains, which detonated on June 21, 1768, when customs authorities held onto Boston dealer John Hancock's sloop Freedom. A huge number of Bostonians revolted, undermining the traditions chiefs' lives and driving them to escape the city. At the point when updates on the Freedom revolt arrived at London, four regiments of British armed force troops-a few 4,000 troopers were requested to Boston to ensure the magistrates. The hatred of British soldiers for the pioneers, joined with the troopers' working two jobs exercises that denied Boston workers of employments, unavoidably prompted viciousness. In March 1770 an uproar happened between British soldiers and Boston residents, who scoffed and provoked the troopers. The soldiers terminated, executing five individuals. The alleged Boston Massacre stimulated extraordinary pioneer hatred. This outrage was before long expanded by further parliamentary enactment. Bowing to provincial monetary blacklists, Parliament, guided by the new head administrator, Master Frederick North, canceled the Townshend Acts in 1770 however held the

The Biggest Challenge Human Resources - Free Essay Example

In todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s world the biggest challenges for any organisation to manage its human resource. Mathis (2008) India is the second best economy in the world (after china) for its growth rate (Nassimbeni and Sartor, 2008). In fact Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s GDP at 9.4 Per cent was the second fastest growing GDP after china in 2007 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 08. As per Reserve bank of India (RBI). The Researcher Specifically looking at the employees and HR Professional of Epicenter Technology. In Indian call centre industry increasing rapidly which help to generate new employment in the country but same time employee turnover rate also increase in call centre and BPO industry. To reduce this high level of attrition is very essential for HR professional because company pay lucrative amount for employee training and development. HR profession can motivate employee by different techniques and can reduce employee turnover loss of organisation. So author will be conducting a research to investigate the challenges faced by HR professional to motivate employees in call centre of Epicenter Technology. At the same time, despite these major strides, the IT à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" BPO sector is facing significant challenges that could impact its future growth if corrective actions are not taken. (Budwar et al., 2006). BPO firms are looking to increase the overall productivity, efficiency and competitiveness of their processes, which can result in huge gains. According to the NASSCOM Everes Study, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Indian BPO sector has been growing at more than 35 % over the past three years, FY 2005-08. In this speedily going industry employee attrition level also higher in BPO sector. Attrition remains an enormous challenge, as the average BPO attribution rate was 30-35 per cent in the last few years. A NASSCOM-Hewitt Associates survey shows that the cost of attrition is one and a half times the annual salary of an employee. Costs are due to loss of productivity, temporary replacement, loss of knowledge and new recruitment and training.HR manger keep trying to make down attrition level by giving training, effective work environment and conducting a research to review rewards, bonus or other incentives and career promotion. Epicenter Technology serves multi typeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business process outsourcing to organisation spread all over the global to achieve high services with maintains balance cost management. Epicenter Technology provides business process outsourcing to fortune 500 companies from different countries. Epicenter Technology is one of the leading call centre which serve telemarketing and customer service. Epicenter Technology provides Business task outsourcing for global customer. Epicenter Technology mainly focuses on their employee and customer. Epicenter Technology believes team work and continuous improvement which is necessary element success of organisation. Epicenter also believes in high standard of quality and innovation. Epicenter Technology derives low motivation levels which directly reflect on employee satisfaction toward their work. Epicenter Technology is the leading customer contact centreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s which engage with collections, sales, Telemarketing and customer service. Epicenter Technology believes that employee are biggest assets of organisation and they always their priority. Epicenter Technology is paying a lucrative amount in their personal development and growth which is direct helps employee to future career option. Company believes effective team work and effective training is require to achieve higher service level in work. Company spend higher amount of money to provide training new employees as well as promoted employees. Some employee quit the job to dissatisfaction in job and low level of motivation. Employees are the main driver of any organisation. If employees do not know about their responsibility and they should not know about organisational goal and what organisation want from employee than it is directly affect organisation productivity. It is also necessary to focus on slow learner employee. HR professional conduct special training programme for slow learner and give them more time to grasping skills so that do not feel like looser because of slow learning. It is necessary that HR manager choose right talent to achieve organisational goal. It is HR manager responsibility to check performance of employee and if employee is not performing better then find a best way through employee can give their best performance to achieve high quality standard. Human Resource Management can play a vital role to motivate employee in right way. Epicentre Technology is doing multi task and it is very difficult to manage all task and high level of emotional staff. When conflict is arise in different tasks same time and problem resolution by HR professional necessary. This high expectation which directly reflect performance of employee and same time motivate employee is challenging job in call centre. BENEFITS OF THE RESEARCH ACADEMIC Student can get benefit from this research for their career perspective. Call centre and BPO industries are rapidly growing so it required more skill and knowledgeable employee. This findings will help student can implement the outcome in future job in call centre which will improve quality and productivity of company. Researcher want to growth of call centre industry remain sustainable for that researcher believe that finding of this research will help to human resource management to solve problem of employee motivation. PERSONAL The main motive behind this study is that researcher has own interest on call centre industry and author personally believe that in this 21st century this industry has tremendous opportunity to grow and research has a dream to be successful HR Professional of call centre industry. This is very interesting for to know more about call centre industry and evaluate their problems. BUSINESS Researcher believes that Management is the main part of any industry and Management active role can directly affect services provide to the client. Management always try to find that employees are satisfied and keep monitor all process of organisation. As earlier said that researcher has personal interest in call centre industry. Researcher observe that large amount of employee leave the company in very short time so what HR Professional can do to motivate employee in call centre which improve quality of call centre. This Research helps to understanding of HR profession facing difficulty in order to motivate employee and try to find out what are the necessary measure is require to resolve this problem when working as a HR professional in call centre. It will help to understand current motivation technique that use HR professional and their effectiveness and how to improve this motivation technique. This Research will help to emerging HR professional who wants to work in call centre who already work in HR professional that get more aware about call centre difficult issue and know how to resolve this issue through this research. Company can improve their employee satisfaction basis on job by HR professional using effective motivation technique for employee who is directly affected on company performance and productivity. So through this research company get more powerful workforce. This research will decrease stress and emotional burnout of employee and it acknowledged employee to deliver better performance. 1.1 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE To analyse the factorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s that HR professional are facing in order to motivate employees in call centre of Epicenter Technology To evaluate Motivation techniques that are currently used by HR professional in call centre of Epicenter Technology Developing and Recommendation to improve motivation technique by HR professional in call centre of Epicenter Technology 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION What is factorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s that HR Professional is facing in order to motivate employees in Call Centre of Epicenter Technology? What are motivation techniques that are currently used by HR professional in call centre of Epicenter Technology? How to improve motivation technique by HR professional in call centre of Epicenter Technology? 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW Companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s marketing strategies alone canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t make it successful, the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s most valuable assets are their people and to manage the people efficiently it is also important to have a group of people to look after all the other people of the organisation and i.e. Human Resource Team of the organisation. The efficiency of the business is directly linked with the efficient functionality of Human resource Department. In order to expect better results it is necessary to make sure that the staffs are motivated enough. Motivation is mandatory for every individual who undertakes a task. Motivation can be of different type such as positive, subtle, tangible or intangible. Motivation is sought of internal power that encourages a person to achieve specific things in life. Motivation definition: weiner (1935), defines motivation as a search for determinants of human activity. (Buford, Bederian, Lindner, 1995), agree that motivation compels a human activity to perform in certain manner to achieve unmet goals. An organization will have to motivate an employee right through the day he joins the company. Every employee has first been a new comer and at that stage he wants to learn the tasks of his new job and once he has learnt the task he develops self-confidence to attain a faviourable level of job performance.(Feldman 1981) Even Fisher (1982, 1986) agreed on the task mastery for a new employee to become comfortable and successful in the organisation. Employee are expected to work in groups or team rather performing tasks individually and the indicator of successful team work would be getting along with the team members and immediate team supervisor, following the norms and values of the team and adjusting to group culture. (Feldman, 1981; Fisher, 1986) Fisher (1996) and Schein (1978) agreed that apart from working in groups another important aspect of socialisation is personal learning. So at the initial stages an employee tries to learn the type of individual he is and he will organize himself to perform within the organization 2.1 THEORY X and THEORY Y Douglas McGregorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s theory X and theory Y are very essential for the research as he has discussed the human behaviour in organisation. McGregor (1960) has made an assumption in Theory X that it is human behaviour, whenever and however way possible to avoid work in every possible way they can in their control. In todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s competitive environment where there is a constant threat to our call centres and BPOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s that they might lose their contract to china or Philippines, it is very important that company reaches the benchmark set by the clients and even try to exceed the set benchmark. However, if the employees are not motivated enough towards achieving goal, than these could directly reflect on the productivity of the organisation in terms of poor service quality. McGregor (1960) has emphasised that management should control and threaten the poor performing employees to work hard towards meeting their individual SLAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (service Level Agreement) However McGregor (1960) further clarifies that would be a set of people who doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t want to change because they do not want to take the responsibility or ownership of the work assigned. It is a human tendency to stay clear and unambiguous so that they feel secure at work. In the Theory Y McGregor (1960) is trying to look at the other side of the human behaviour by taking an example of people who consider their job as their own business. In this theory employee consider jobs as natural as play and rest. This kind of employee believes in same or more amount physical mental effort in their work as they would in their private lives. According to McGregor (1960) has made an assumption that the control and punishment should not be the only mechanism to force the employees to perform well in their SLAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢S. Employees should be motivated through an effective Human Resource Management team otherwise they would be self-directed towards the foal of the company. McGregor (1960) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Job satisfaction is the key to engaging employees and ensuring their commitmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Different people perform different level of job, some may be easy and others may be extremely stressful due to the nature of the job, for example an employee working for a sales process which is a target driven job. On the other hand there might be person working for a customer service where there is no target but still this person could in more distressed if there is no proper motivating and rewarding activities initiated by the Human Resource Team, otherwise the work becomes very monotonous and there is no motivation to strive harder to achieve better results. Management should make an initiative to promote the best performing employee so that there is a sense of seeking responsibility and ownership in order to climb up the ladder. As per McGregor (1960) such people are imaginative and creative and management should make every effort to use them for solving problems at work. This kind of approach can be conducive to managing professionals and participative complex problem solving. After evaluating Theory X and Theory Y, McGregor (1960) Preferred to adopt Theory Y as an efficient model to motivate employees in the organisation because Theory Y assumes that employee seeks responsibility: every manager wants their team to work as family who cares about the business rather than someone in Theory X who just wants to come to work 9 to 6, go home and enjoy. However it seems that it would not be viable to implement this model in large scale operations. 2.2 THEORY Z (Ouchi 1981) Ouchi (1981) developed new theory which is based on the Japanese and American companies and used Theory z management styles. There is contrast in operating philosophies between Japanese and American organizations is quite revealing. Japan is also well known for its technology but according to Ouchi (1981) their success was due to their exceptional management styles. Japanese organisations offer virtually lifelong employment while American organizations are characterized by comparatively short-term employment. Japanese organisation invited employee in decision making process and individually employee get responsibility so they can learn to take responsibility of every issue which is related with them while Rapid turnover requires quick evaluation and promotion, with considerable employee unrest if a promotion takes more than three years in American organisation. Raises and promotions can be evaluated after certain intervals that depend on employee performance. Most deserving employee always gets promotion whereas because of competition for promotions and raises, people tend to work alone rather than collaboratively in American organisation. Career paths include learning all functions rather than one function and Organization mechanisms for control of worker behaviour are implied in Japanese organisation. In contrast, Career path tend to be highly specialized. Standardization is the main method of control, and integration and coordination are almost impossible because of the emphasis on specialization in American organisation. Japanese organisation decision making is a collective activity and responsibility is also collective. American organisation decision making and responsibility are individual matters. The organization concerns tend to be segmented and impersonal rather than holistic. 2.3 TWO FACTOR THEORY One of the earliest researchers in the area of job redesign as it affected motivation was Frederick Herzberg (Herzberg, 1959). Based on survey, Herzberg discovered that employee tended to describe satisfying experience in term of factors that were intrinsic to the content of the job itself. These factors were known as motivators and included such variables as achievement, recognition, the work itself, responsibility, advancement, and growth. Conversely, dissatisfying experiences, known as a hygiene factors, largely resulted from extrinsic, non-job-related factors, such as company policies, salary, co-worker relations, and supervisory style (Steers, 1983). Herzberg argued based on these results that eliminating the cause of dissatisfaction (through hygiene factor) would not result in a state of the use of motivators. Kreitner Kinicki (1998) highlight one of Herzbergà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s findings, where managers rather than giving employee additional task of similar difficulty which consists of giving workers more responsibility. This is where employees take on tasks normally performed by their supervisors. TYPICAL HIGIENE AND MOTIVATIONAL FACTOR Working Conditions: Work place is important part of any organisational success. Just to motivate employee by rewarding is not enough when working condition is not sufficient. It is always necessary that good working condition through employee get more satisfaction in work place. Quality of Supervision: supervisor or manager need to guide new employee at work and give them proper training about work. It is very essential to provide good quality training when organisation requires high level of performance. Safety: health and safety is very important aspect work place. Health and medical benefit also gives employee to high level of satisfaction which is directly affect performance. Salary and Bonus: It is necessary to know required job position get relevant salary to match perfectly fit in organisation. However, employee need to motive by giving bonus to good performing talent. Status: It is HR professional responsibility to make proper system for talented employee so employee get promotion time to time depending on their performance. Company policies and administration: company policies is reflect company objectives so policies should be more clear for all employee and administrative work require more transparent so everyone know what going on in organisation. Interpersonal relationship: Human Resource Manager need to organise meeting and feedback session with management and employee so any problem related work can be resolve. Fairness and Equity: With increased effort and higher performances employees also expect to be rewarded more significantly than counterparts who provide output at or below the norm. An outcome or reward that is perceived to be highly significant and important can result in higher level of effort and performance by the individual employee. Effort: Even though employees may exert higher levels of effort into a position based on perceived significant reward, this could be a short-term success if the task itself does not challenge or provides satisfaction to the employee. 2.4 HIERARCHY OF NEEDS (Maslow 1943) According to Stephens (2000), Maslow believed that human being aspire to become self-actualizing and viewed human potential as a vastly underestimated and unexplained territory. PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS Physiological needs: Every employee needs basic human physical need like Food, Water and Sleep etc. if this basic need is not satisfied than employees do not feel good in work place. However, employee cannot pay more attention on work and became ill or frustrate etc. HR Manager needs to concentrate on individually employee activities. HR Manager has to make sure that employee feel comfortable during work. It is important to know employee personal problem by maintaining good relation with employee. SAFETY NEEDS Company should inform their employee time to time what is going on organisation so employees feel more comfortable at work. HR Manager always make sure that individually all employees are safe and secure at work. If any employee feel unsecure with organisation than HR has to clear employee perception by discussing matter. NEED FOR LOVE AND BELONGING HR Manager create lively environment where can get positive relations between employee and manager as well as supervisors. Participation in work group shows electrifying confidence among workers. HR Manager to pay attention on motivate employee in the work place by rewards. HR can make sure that higher performing employee should appreciate by giving certificate of performance. ESTEEM NEEDS Within organisations, esteem needs reflect a motivation for recognition, and increase in responsibility, high status and credit for contributions to organization. NEED FOR SELF ACTUALIZATION Self-actualization needs: these needs include the need for self-fulfilment, which is the higher need category. The concern developing oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s full potential, increasing oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s competence and becoming a better person. Self-actualization needs can be met in the organization by providing people with opportunities to grow, be creative and acquire training for challenging assignments and advancement. Person can reach this level who completely focused on their work and he do not worried about what other think about him, he just concentrate in achieving target and set as a successful. ARGUMENT AGAINST THE THEORY Maslow (1943) stated that people, including employees at organizations, are motivated by the desire to achieve or maintain the various conditions upon which these basic satisfactions rest and by certain more intellectual desires. Humans are a perpetually wanting group. Ordinarily the satisfaction of these wants is not altogether mutually exclusive, but only tends to be. The average member of society is most often partially satisfied and partially unsatisfied in all of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s wants (Maslow, 1943). The implication of this theory provided useful insights for manager and other organization leaders. Another implication was for organisation to implement support programs and focus groups to help employees deal with stress, especially during more challenging times and taking the time to understand the needs of the respective employees (Kreitner, 1998). McGregor argued that work motivation was much more commonly underpinned by workersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ self-generated drive to better themselves and fulfil their own potential (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Theory Yà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?) McGregor argued that traditional organisational practice placed too much emphasis on the role of lower-order needs as motivators of workersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ behaviour. Aligned with this view, Herzberg recommended that managers should put their energies into providing avenues for the satisfaction of workersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ personal needs in order to get the best from them. A similar argument was also endorsed by other theorists, so that general message to emerge from needs-based research is that employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ motivation will be greater to the extent that they are allowed to self-actualise, grow, and progress as individual. 2.6 EXPECTATION THEORY OF MOTIVATION (Vroom 1960) Vroom in 1964 developed the formal model of work motivation drawing on the work of other researches. There are three mental components that are seen as instigating and directing behaviour. There are referred to as valence, instrumentality and Expectancy. Vroom (1964) defined the term valence as the affective (emotional) orientations people hold with regard to outcomes. An outcome in this case is said to be positively valent for an individual if she/he would prefer having it or not. The most important feature of peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s valences concerning work related outcomes is that they refer to the level of satisfaction the person expects to receive from them, not from the real value the person actually drives from them. Work effort result in variety of outcomes, some of the directly and some of them indirectly and can include pay, promotion and other related factors. Vroom (1964) suggested linking instrumentality as probability belief linking one outcome (performance level) to other outcomes. According to vroom an outcome is positively valent if the person believes that it holds high instrumentality for the acquisition of positively valent consequences and avoidance of negatively valent outcomes. Expectancy is the strength of a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s belief about whether a particular outcome is possible. Vroom (1964) described expectancy beliefs an action-outcome associations held in the mind of individuals and stated that there a variety of factors that contribute to an employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expectancy perceptions about various level of job performance. The second variable that is relevant here is the concept of reward value or valence. This refers to the individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perception of the value of the reward or outcome that might be obtained by performing effectively. Although most expectancy theories do not specify why certain outcomes have reward value, for the purpose of this paper I would like to argue that reward value of outcomes stems from their perceived ability to satisfy one or more needs. Specifically relevant here is the list of needs suggested by Maslow that includes security needs, social need, esteem needs and self-actualization needs. Expectancy theory states that motivation is a combined function of the individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perception that effort will lead to performance and of the perceived desirability of outcomes that may result from the performance (Steers, 1983). Although there are several forms of this model, Vroom in 1964 developed the formal model of work motivation drawing on the work of other researches. Vroom (1964) defined the term valence as the effective (emotional) orientations people hold with regard to outcomes. An outcome in this case is said to be positively valent for a individual if she/he would prefer having it or not. The most important feature of peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s valences concerning work related outcomes is that they refer to the level of satisfaction the person expects to receive from them, not from the real value the person actually derives from them. As the other models, there is the emphasis on the level of motivation and the outcome of performance. Work effort results in a variety of outcomes, some of them directly, and some of them indirectly and can include pay, promotion, and other related factors. Vroom (1964) suggested linking instrumentality as a probability belief linking one outcome (performance level) to other outcomes. According to Vroom, an outcome is positively valent if the person believes that it holds high instrumentality for the acquisition of positively valent consequences and the avoidance of negatively valent outcomes. The third major component of the theory is referred to as expectancy (Pinder, 1984). Expectancy is the strength of a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s belief about whether a particular outcome is possible. Vroom (1964) described expectancy beliefs as action à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" outcome associations held in the minds of individuals and stated that there a variety of factors that contribute to an employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expectancy perceptions about various level of job performance. 2.7 MCCLELLANDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢S ACHIVEMENT MOTIVATION THEORY McClellandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s work originated from investigating into the relationship between hunger needs and the extent to which imagery of food dominated through processes. From subsequent research McClelland identified four main arousal-based, and socially developed motives: The Achievement motive; The Power motive: The affilative motive; The Avoidance motive McClellandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1961) described the theory of needs focusing on three needs; achievement, power and affiliation. The need for achievement was defined as the drive to excel, to a set of standards, to strive to succeed. Achievement theories propose that motivation and performance vary according to strength of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s need for achievement (Kreitner, 1998) The need for achievement and is defined as a desire to accomplish something difficult. Kreitner Kinicki (1998) cite Murray (1994) explaining the need for achievement as mastering, manipulating or organizing physical objects, human beings or ideas. The need for affiliation suggested that people have the desire to spend time in social relationships, joining group and wanting to be loved. Individuals high in this need are not the most effective managers or leaders because they have a hard time to making difficult decisions without worrying about being disliked (Kreitner, 1998) The need of power reflect an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s desire to influence, coach, teach or encourage others to achieve. Because effective managers must positively influence others, McClelland proposes that top managers should have a high need for power coupled with a low need for affiliation (Kreitner, 1998) 2.8 SUMMERY Employees are the main part of any organisation. Organisation success and failed ratio is depending on employee work performance. So it is necessary to improve employee moral time to time by motivating employee. Human resource department is directly associated with employee motivation. Any organisation or institution need people to carry out specific task so that the goal and objectives of that drivers people to behave in various ways and to seek to fulfil a variety of needs, employee need to know what makes their employees à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"tickà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ so that they can channel this energy toward certain outcomes. In todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s competitive environment where there is a constant threat to our call centres and BPOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s that they might lose their contact to china or Philippines. It is very important that company reaches the benchmark set by the clients and even try to exceed the set benchmark. However, if the employees are not motivated enough towards achieving the goal than these could directly reflect on the productivity of the organisation in terms of poor service quality. Maslowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hierarchy of needs model consist of five levels where bottom level is physiological, safety, love, esteem and top level self actualisation. Physiological needs through HR professional provide basic requirement like water, coffee for employee, provide canteen facility and required break time during work so employee feel comfortable and deliver good performance. Safety needs through Management make sure health and safety of employee is very important for organisation. HR professional can provide free health check and medical insurance of employee which help to motivate employee. Maslowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s also derive love needs through It is directly related with organisation management and employee relation. It is necessary that mutual understanding between employee and manager is required which generate satisfaction in work. Esteem needs through It involves HR professional give particular responsibility or task to employee and when employee successfully completed task, HR professional appreciate employee and improve self confidence of employee. Self actualisation needs derive that employee and HR profession know their strength and come out best in work to achieve organisational objective. Herzberg (1966) developed this theory which is based on motivation factor and hygiene factor. According to Herzberg motivation is main key for employee to achieve higher level in the company while hygiene factor as not more relevant because employee not only satisfied with proper working condition and good salary base on their qualification. Typical hygiene factor derives employee canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t perform well because working condition in the company is not good level. Health and safety is important when employee work in company it is necessary that HR professional conduct regular meeting with employee and deliver transparent policy for employee. Typical motivation factor derive that if employee achieve or complete task should be rewarded. Mc Clelland (1961) theory share need for achievement, power and affiliation. Need for achievement derive HR professional work as company representative and motivate to employee like an important part of organisation. HR professional shows that organisation success or achievement directly reflects employee working status or growth. Employee gets clear feedback of every success of organisation. Need of Power derive that HR professional give power to employee through that employee can get better performance of organisation like employee can take break any time during the work so it give more flexibility to employee. Need of affiliation suggest that management and employee relation are friendlier during the work. Employee and management can share their view to each other and conduct parties or tour for employee and management. Mcgregor (1960) in the theory X that there are set of employee who would love to take responsibility as that gives them sense of ownership. Sometimes employee motivation affected only by their expectancies and rewards they receive but also how they get treat like other or differently. Equity theory derive that people receive reword is similarly of other receive reword. They will believe every one treated similarly which necessary in call center because high number of people working in company. If employee treat differently than it emerge low satisfaction toward organisation which will directly affect in organisation performance. Maslowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hierarchy of needs can be considered employee always want more and what they want depends on what they already have which relate Herzbergà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1966) two factors theory derive all employee desire good job security and comfortable working environment. Interpersonal relation between employee and manager is quite friendly. Alderferà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ERG theory is related with existence need survival cover and safety of employee. Other thing is that HR professional and employee mutual relation toward the development and self esteem to get better growth in organisation. However, Herzbergà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1966) theory shows that employee expectation to get good salary, job security and excellent working environment while HR professional need good recognition, sense of achievement responsibility. To critically examine theory of motivation researcher has got fair idea about motivation theory and model which is use HR profession to motivate employee. This motivation theory and model researcher will apply questionnaire and feedback from employee of Epicenter Technology. 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research methodology is a systematic method through identify problem, formulating a hypothesis, collecting the facts and author reaching certain conclusions either in the form of solution toward concerned problem. 3.1 RESEARCH PHILOSOPHIES According to Saunders at al. (2009) research developing knowledge in a particular field. The knowledge development are embarking upon may not be as dramatic as a new theory of human motivation. But even if the purpose has the relatively modest ambition of answering a specific problem in a particular organisation it is, nonetheless, developing new knowledge. People thinking about is different because they assume that research can done in medical and pharmacy laboratory while management student do research is need to gain knowledge in particular field or achieve desirable conclusion. In this section the researcher will evaluate the first two layers of the research onion, which would be the research philosophy and approach. Epistemology and Ontology In this they make new theory or model that is effective than existing model or theory. According to Saunders (2009) Epistemology is the way to collecting and analysis data through constitutes acceptable knowledge in a field of study. Positivism Positivism involves with direct observation and this observation should be generalizable theoretical statements which show independent reality. Hypotheses can be evaluate from the theories and tested to further observation. Finding of positivist explained from the existing theory which may give allow more accurate and generalise result. Author can use the positivism to find out fact and figure from the quantifiable data. Interpretivism The interpretive approach requires that the social scientist must collect facts and data describing not only the purely objective, publicly observable aspects of human behaviour, but also the subjective meaning this behaviour has for the human subjects themselves (Lee, 1991:347) Saunders (2009) said that author have to relate human life as a part of their life. Research would be conducted by author would be conducted by author would only focuses on their subject. This philosophy through author can get primary data to understand view of employee in Epicenter Technology. Researcher interpretivism is more subjective and more bias. Researcher adopting interpretivism philosophy to conduct research. Research base on motivation theory while quantitative data capable of providing insight into how improve motivation technique by HR professional to motivate employee of Epicenter Technology. Realism Realism seek to find generative mechanisms that lie beneath the observations and then explain them, even though these regularities produce observable situations the mechanism itself remain unobservable (Layer 1990). Realism supports the use of an intensive research design, where the objective is to come to an understanding about underlying causation and from this aims to build theories (Sayer 1992). Bhaskar (1989) argues that we can identify what we can identify what we do not see through the practical and theoretical processes of the social sciences. It is very essential for researcher to know importance of Realism during their research. It will help evaluate knowledge from different research methods through generate new question that develop during the conduct of research. Adopted Philosophy by the Author After testing and done critical analysis through researcher come out with selection of philosophy. Here research is based on motivation so researcher would like to use interpretivism philosophy for this thesis. In addition, author also looking for positivism and realism to find out fact and statistic of thesis. Researcher would be adopting qualitative method of collecting data through conducting survey and personal interview through research objective can achieve. 3.2 Research Approach I. Deductive Approach Deductive approach nature to testing theory and its research approach is top to down approach. Author first decide topic than find relevant data to test hypothesis on selected topic than it is further narrow it down to test hypothesis that can be tested. II. Inductive Approach Inductive approach is opposite of deductive approach. Its research approach is bottom to up approach. It starts with some kind of observation which helps to make pattern. These patterns through examine hypotheses and then get one short of conclusion. Author would like to choose this approach for a research. Research is related with theory so this will helps Epicenter call centre employee to get quantitative data. Research topic is based on theory of motivation so author would adopt inductive approach for research. 3.3 Research Strategies I. Qualitative and Quantitative Methods Wynekoop [1992] suggests that quantitative micro-level analyses should be integrated with qualitative macro-level analyses, in order that the ways in which individual behaviour impacts organizational phenomenon, and the ways in which macro phenomenon have effects through individuals, be explicated. Quantitative research can be construed as a research strategy that emphasize quantification in the collection and analysis of data and that entails a deductive approach to relationship between theory and research, in which the accent is placed on testing of theories. It has incorporated the practices and norms of natural scientific model and positivism in particular and embodies a view of social reality as an external objective reality. Researcher conduct survey to analyse motivation of call centre employee and author conduct personal interview with HR professional to evaluate what are the problems facing to motivate employee and currently what technique though HR professional motivate employee. This meaningful data through author come up conclusion. Researcher would adopt qualitative method for to evaluate effective motivation technique that use call center of Epicenter Technology. By contrast, qualitative research can be construed as a research strategy that usually emphasizes work rather than qualification in the collection and analysis of data that predominantly emphasizes an inductive approach to relationship between theory and research, in which the emphasis is placed on the generation of theories. It has rejected the practices and norms of natural scientific model and positivism in particular in preference for an emphasis on the way in which individuals interpret their social world and embodies a view of social reality as a constantly shifting emergent property of individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s creation. Quantitative method derives facts and figure from the data. Qualitative method is time consuming method to collecting data by interview, survey and questionnaires. Quantitative also use for hypotheses testing call centre employee of Epicenter Technology. This method is use to major data, figure or statistic. It gives exact result or figure to support research. 3.4 Data Collection Data collection is the systematic way to collect information related research. Primary data can collect by interview, survey, questionnaires, and telephonic interviews to employee of Epicenter Technology while Secondary data get from journal, books, magazine related with research topic. Primary Data Researcher point of view is collecting primary data through interview, survey and questionnaires which is more appropriate for thesis. Personal interview through researcher get more depth information about their issue and to get more information in detail while survey biggest advantage is that surveys are cost effective and you can ask personal question by delivering survey. Questionnaires data will increase credibility of research and researcher can figure out data some short of conclusion. Secondary Data To using Secondary data for research questions and objectives are the enormous saving in resources in particular time and money (Ghauri and Gronhaug 2005) Author use various way to collect secondary data like research related book, articles, companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s website, journal and also use Google search engine. 3.5 Survey Methods Selection of survey method is very critical when researcher do social survey. However, researchers choose method from personal interview, telephonic interview and semi structure interview their own perspective. Researcher look research time, best option for survey and more relevant and acceptable method can use for employee of epicentre. Semi Structured Interview Researcher has list of themes and questions to cover through interviewing individually in depth where interviewees can explain their view in detail. After conducting interview researcher vary individual data with different interviewees. Semi structured interview through research get more scope to explore research. Face to Face Interview It is more effective way where interviewer and interviewee discuss their view each other. However, this research is bit difficult because interviewee base on India so in this case Interviewer use video call techniques through get Face to Face interview. Part of the interview can consist of open ended question. This is a useful techniques for asking really sensitive questions in a face to face interview. Telephonic Interview Sometimes it is appropriate to interview people over the phone. The advantage are that researcher can often obtain access to people by phone who would never find the time to give interview. Oskemberg at al. (1986) found that telephone interviews who had the lowest refusal rate had higher-pitched, louder and clearer voices. It is also an efficient method to find out how a number of people respond to specific issue. It is comes with own demerits. However, phone interviews have to kept short and researcher cannot get proper response of sensible question. It is essential that interview has required good listening skills and every telephonic interview need to make note of important point which is relevant to research question. Email Researcher can arrange interview by contacting interviewees through Email. It is time consuming and researcher can get response intently. Researcher can easily discuss informal detail through email. This is the best way to researcher can connected with employees and manger through email. 3.6 Questionnaire Design Research is mainly basis on theory and researcher adopted qualitative research. Researcher analyse different data collection methods but researcher point of view to design of questionnaire is important. Researcher is basically looking which better way can response answer of question through achieve perfect survey. Size of sample is 25 through questionnaire collecting quality data. Questionnaire administered using open ended question so telephone questionnaire and semi structured interview through interviewer meet respondent and ask question face to face while interviewer use Email services to do keep in touch with respondent during the research. 3.7 Pilot Study Pilot studies help researcher to test and refine one or more aspects of a final data collection. According to Saunders (2009) Pilot test is refine the questionnaire so that respondent have no problem in answering question. It will helps researcher to know that collected data is fulfil the requirement of research. Here researcher targeting small size people to conducting interview because research time very short. Researcher careful about questionnaire properly understand given question and deliver appropriate answer of question. 3.8 Ethical Consideration Cooper and Schindler (2008:34) define ethics as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"norms or standards or behaviour that guide moral choices about our behaviour and relationship with othersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Consent There are both side responsibility involve employer and employees feeling survey and conduct interview. Consent would be fully informed and give detail about the reason of conducting survey or interview. It is also ensure confidentiality of their information. Openness Researcher allows full credibility to employer and employee. Employer and employee can participate to feel survey and if they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t like they can leave from survey any time. Employer and employee have full authority to attend interview or if they feel not comfortable than any time leave interview. Employer or employee have rights to explain their view regarding research subject whether it positive or negative. Confidentiality Researcher make surety about confidentiality and participant realise confident that their view or feedback is confidential. All given detail will not leak to other member or peers. Plagiarism Researcher has to make sure that to make thesis cannot copying from other document, book or internet. It should be made through own work or research. Researcher knows that plagiarism directly affect result of the whole course. Researcher can use Turn It In Software and Plagiarism can be restrict. Researcher need to careful about referencing of author and list of books, journal and other material which is used to making this research. Proper referencing would be helps to putting down ratio of Plagiarism. 3.9 Sampling methods Probability Sampling Probability sampling method of sample selection is random which gives each possible sample combination an equal probability of being picked up and each item in the entire population to have equal chance of being included in the sample. Researcher knows that different cultural background, different age group and different gender employee working in epicentre technology. Researcher select randomly among all employee of the organisation. Non Probability Sampling Non probability sampling through researcher can select particular target group. It is relax, formal, flexible and descriptive. When target size is small that time it is more acceptable. It is entirely base on judgment of people and there is no theory use for this sampling method. 3.11 Research Credibility I. Reliability Researcher is also looking reliability of research because answer can get from the employee or employer or manager. Robins (1993) one of the factor that might affect reliability is subject error. Researcher give appropriate time to their or participate to give answer back. Researcher is use straight forward and easy to understand question which help to get quick response. II. Validity Researcher conduct pilot test to verify questionnaire made question is appropriate to achieve objectives and research question. Researcher also gets comment from expert or group of expert verify their question is suitable to achieve objective. It is give surety to researcher that refine question is more appropriate for their objectives. III. Generalise ability Researcher tries to conduct theory and modal can be generalised so it relate with other researcher who can conduct analysis. Research finding would be general and it approach can be applied any organisation with some short of modification require